PROCESOS DE GÉNESIS Y ONTOGENIA EN LA COMPLEJIDAD DE UN ECOSISTEMA FORESTAL
Palabras clave:
Génesis, Ontogénesis, Teoría de la complejidad, Grado ANITA, Omnisciencia
Resumen
Este artículo investiga los procesos de génesis y ontogénesis en la complejidad de los ecosistemas forestales a través de la teoría de la complejidad. El objetivo es superar las dificultades en la comprensión del desarrollo evolutivo mediante un pensamiento crítico y multidisciplinario. Metodológicamente, se realiza una revisión bibliográfica cualitativa e interpretativa que descifra la naturaleza de la flora y fauna desde una perspectiva evolutiva y sistémica. Los resultados destacan la interpretación de la biodata taxonómica, identificando grupos de angiospermas como el grado ANA (o ANITA) y su filogenia ancestral que data de hace 140 millones de años. Asimismo, se analiza la plasticidad fenotípica adaptativa como estrategia esencial de supervivencia. Se concluye que el conocimiento multidimensional permite comprender la complejidad forestal no solo como un fenómeno biológico, sino como un sistema de información funcional creciente que integra factores bióticos, abióticos y procesos coevolutivos.
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Andersson, S., & Shaw, R. G. (1994). Phenotypic plasticity in Crepis tectorum (Asteraceae): Genetic correlations across light regimens. Heredity, 72, 113–125. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1994.17
Antonovics, J. (1971). Heavy metal tolerance in plants. Advances in Ecological Research, 7, 1–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60232-0
Arce, R. (2025). Los prefijos bio y eco y su relación con las ciencias forestales. Revista Forestal del Perú, 40(19), 4–19. https://doi.org/10.21704/rfp.v40i1.1278
Baskauf, C. J., & Eickmeier, W. G. (1994). Comparative ecophysiology of a rare and a widespread species of Echinacea (Asteraceae). American Journal of Botany, 81, 958-964.
Bennington, C. C., & McGraw, J. B. (1995). Natural selection and ecotypic differentiation in Impatiens pallida. Ecological Monographs, 65, 303–323.
Bennington, C. C., Fetcher, N., Vavrel, M., Shaver, G. R., Cummings, K. J., & McGraw, J. B. (2012). Home site advantage in two long-lived arctic plant species: results from two 30-year reciprocal transplant studies. Journal of Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2012.01984.x
Black-Samuelsson, S., & Andersson, S. (1997). Reaction norm variation between and within populations of two rare plant species, Vicia pisiformis and V. dumetorum (Fabaceae). Heredity, 79, 268–276. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6882120
Bradshaw, A. D., & Hardwick, K. (1989). Evolution and stress-genotypic and phenotypic components. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 37, 137–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1989.tb02099.x
Castro Sáez, B. (2011). Aportes de Niklas Luhmann a la teoría de la complejidad. Polis, (29). http://journals.openedition.org/polis/2017
Chapin, F. S. (1991). Integrated responses of plants to stress. Bioscience, 41, 29–36. https://doi.org/10.2307/1311538
Chapin, F. S., & Chapin, M. C. (1981). Ecotypic differentiation of growth processes in Carex aquatilis along latitudinal and local gradients. Ecology, 62, 1000–1009.
Cipollini, D. F., & Schultz, J. C. (1999). Exploring cost constraints on stem elongation in plants using phenotypic manipulation. American Naturalist, 153, 236–242. https://doi.org/10.1086/303164
Cordell, S., Goldstein, G., Mueller-Dombois, D., Webb, D., & Vitousek, P. M. (1998). Physiological and morphological variation in Metrosideros polymorpha, a dominant Hawaiian tree species, along an altitudinal gradient: The role of phenotypic plasticity. Oecologia, 113, 188–196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050367
Crawley, M. J. (1997). Life history and environment. En M. J. Crawley (Ed.), Plant ecology (pp. 73–131). Blackwell.
De Jong, G. (1995). Phenotypic plasticity as a product of selection in a variable environment. American Naturalist, 145, 493–512.
Dieguez, A. (2003). ¿Qué es la Epistemología Evolucionista? Teleskop. Ciencia en perspectiva filosófica. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228648400_Que_es_la_Epistemologia_Evolucionista
Dudley, S. A., & Schmitt, J. (1996). Testing the adaptive plasticity hypothesis: Density-dependent selection on manipulated stem length in Impatiens capensis. American Naturalist, 147, 445–465. https://doi.org/10.1086/285863
Futuyma, D. J., & Moreno, G. (1988). The evolution of ecological specialization. Annual Review of Ecology & Systematics, 19, 207-233.
Galen, C., Shore, J. S., & Deyoe, H. (1991). Ecotypic divergence in alpine Polemonium viscosum: Genetic structure, quantitative variation, and local adaptation. Evolution, 45, 1218–1228.
Gavrilets, S., & Scheiner, S. M. (1993). The genetics of phenotypic plasticity. V. Evolution of reaction norm shape. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 6, 31–48.
Gianoli, E. (2001). Lack of differential plasticity to shading of internodes and petioles with growth habit in Convolvulus arvensis (Convolvulaceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences, 162, 1247–1252.
Gianoli, E. (2003). Phenotypic responses of the twining vine Ipomoea purpurea (Convolvulaceae) to physical support availability in sun and shade. Plant Ecology, 165, 21–26.
Gianoli, E. (2004a). Plasticidad Fenotípica Adaptativa en Plantas. En Fisiología Ecología en Plantas (pp. 13–25). Universidad de Concepción. http://www2.udec.cl/~egianoli/04gianolifisioeco.pdf
Gianoli, E. (2004b). Evolution of a climbing habit promotes diversification in flowering plants. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2004.2827
Gomulkiewicz, R., & Kirkpatrick, M. (1992). Quantitative genetics and the evolution of reaction norms. Evolution, 46, 390–411.
Grace, J. (1997). Plant water relations. En M. J. Crawley (Ed.), Plant ecology. Blackwell.
Hutchings, M. J., & De Kroon, H. (1994). Foraging in plants: The role of morphological plasticity in resource acquisition. Advances in Ecological Research, 25, 159–238.
Jaune, L. A. (2013). Contenido y conocimiento animal en la epistemología naturalizada de Fred Dretske (Tesis de pregrado, Universidad de las Islas Baleares).
Larcher, J., Wagner, G., Neuner, M., Méndez, M., Jiménez, M. S., & Morales, D. (1991). Thermal limits of photosynthetic function and viability of leaves of Persea indica and Persea americana. Acta Oecologica, 12, 529–541.
Li, B., Suzuki, J., & Hara, T. (1998). Latitudinal variation in plant size and relative growth rate in Arabidopsis thaliana. Oecologia, 115, 293–301.
Linhart, Y. B., & Grant, M. C. (1996). Significance of local genetic differentiation in plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 27(1), 237–277. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.237
Luhmann, N. (1998). Complejidad y modernidad: De la unidad a la diferencia. Editorial Trotta.
MacDonald, S. E., & Chinnappa, C. C. (1989). Population differentiation for phenotypic plasticity in the Stellaria longipes complex. American Journal of Botany, 76, 1627–1637.
Marcelo, G. F. (2014). Biologia del comportamiento- 090- desarrollo individual. análisis de la ontogenia del comportamiento. Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Buenos Aires.
Masis, I. K. (2023). La Epistemología evolucionista y el conocimiento según Platón. Escuela de Filosofía, Universidad de Costa Rica.
Nilsson, T. (1995). Phenotypic plasticity in Saxifraga osloensis: Comparisons among populations. Acta Botanica Neerlandica, 44, 453–467.
Novak, S. J., Mack, R. N., & Soltis, D. E. (1991). Genetic variation in Bromus tectorum (Poaceae): Population differentiation in its North American range. American Journal of Botany, 78, 1150–1161.
Peres, D. G. (1993). Historia y Epistemología de las Ciencias. Contribucion de la historia y de la filosofía de las ciencias al desarrollo de un modelo de enseñanza-aprendizaje como investigación. Universidad de Valencia.
Pigliucci, M. (1996). How organisms respond to environmental changes: From phenotypes to molecules (and vice versa). Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 11, 168–173.
Pigliucci, M., Whitton, J., & Schlichting, C. D. (1995). Reaction norms of Arabidopsis. I. Plasticity of characters and correlations across water, nutrient and light gradients. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 8, 421–438.
Ravanal, M. E., Quintanilla, G. M., & Labarrere, S. A. (s.f.). Concepciones epistemológicas del profesorado de biología en ejercicio sobre la enseñanza de la biología. Universidad Central Santa Isabel.
Sala, A., & Nowak, R. S. (1997). Ecophysiological responses of three riparian graminoids to changes in the soil water table. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 158, 835–843.
Scheiner, S. M. (1993). Genetics and evolution of phenotypic plasticity. Annual Review of Ecology & Systematics, 24, 35–68.
Scheiner, S. M. (1998). The genetics of phenotypic plasticity. VII. Evolution in a spatially-structured environment. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 11, 303–320.
Scheiner, S. M., & Callahan, H. S. (1999). Measuring natural selection on phenotypic plasticity. Evolution, 53, 1704–1713.
Scheiner, S. M., & Lyman, R. F. (1991). The genetics of phenotypic plasticity. II. Response to selection. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 4, 23–50.
Scheiner, S. M., & Yampolsky, L. Y. (1998). The evolution of Daphnia pulex in a temporally varying environment. Genetical Research, 72, 25–37.
Schlichting, C. D., & Pigliucci, M. (1995). Lost in phenotypic space: Environment-dependent morphology in Phlox drummondii (Polemoniaceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences, 156, 542–546.
Schlichting, C. D., & Pigliucci, M. (1998). Phenotypic evolution: A reaction norm perspective. Sinauer Associates.
Schmalhausen, I. I. (1949). Factors of evolution: The theory of stabilizing selection. Blakiston.
Schmitt, J., Dudley, S. A., & Pigliucci, M. (1999). Manipulative approaches to testing adaptive plasticity: Phytocrome-mediated shade-avoidance responses in plants. American Naturalist, 154, S43–S54.
Schmitt, J., McCormac, A. C., & Smith, H. (1995). A test of the adaptive plasticity hypothesis using transgenic and mutant plants disabled in phytochrome-mediated elongation responses to neighbors. American Naturalist, 146, 937–953.
Schweitzer, J. A., & Larson, K. C. (1999). Greater morphological plasticity of exotic honeysuckle species may make them better invaders than native species. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society, 126, 15–23.
Sultan, S. E. (1995). Phenotypic plasticity and plant adaptation. Acta Botanica Neerlandica, 44, 363–383.
Sultan, S. E. (2001). Phenotypic plasticity for fitness components in Polygonum species of contrasting ecological breadth. Ecology, 82, 328–343.
Sultan, S. E., & Bazzaz, F. A. (1993a). Phenotypic plasticity in Polygonum persicaria. I. Diversity and uniformity in genotypic norms of reaction to light. Evolution, 47, 1009–1031.
Sultan, S. E., & Bazzaz, F. A. (1993c). Phenotypic plasticity in Polygonum persicaria. III. The evolution of ecological breadth for nutrient environment. Evolution, 47, 1050–1071.
Thompson, J. D. (1991). Phenotypic plasticity as a component of evolutionary change. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 6, 246–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(91)90070-E
Tucic, B., Tomi, V., Avramov, S., & Pemac, D. (1998). Testing the adaptive plasticity of Iris pumila leaf traits to natural light conditions using phenotypic selection analysis. Acta Oecologica, 19, 473–481.
Tufto, J. (2000). The evolution of plasticity and nonplastic spatial and temporal adaptations in the presence of imperfect environmental cues. American Naturalist, 156, 121–130. https://doi.org/10.1086/303381
Van Tienderen, P. H. (1991). Evolution of generalists and specialists in spatially heterogeneous environments. Evolution, 45, 1317–1331.
Van Tienderen, P. H. (1997). Generalists, specialists, and the evolution of phenotypic plasticity in sympatric populations of distinct species. Evolution, 51, 1372–1380.
Via, S., Gomulkiewicz, R., De Jong, G., Scheiner, S. M., Schlichting, C. D., & Van Tienderen, P. H. (1995). Adaptive phenotypic plasticity: Consensus and controversy. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 10, 212–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(00)89061-8
Weber, E., & Schmid, B. (1998). Latitudinal population differentiation in two species of Solidago (Asteraceae) introduced into Europe. American Journal of Botany, 85, 1110–1121.
Antonovics, J. (1971). Heavy metal tolerance in plants. Advances in Ecological Research, 7, 1–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60232-0
Arce, R. (2025). Los prefijos bio y eco y su relación con las ciencias forestales. Revista Forestal del Perú, 40(19), 4–19. https://doi.org/10.21704/rfp.v40i1.1278
Baskauf, C. J., & Eickmeier, W. G. (1994). Comparative ecophysiology of a rare and a widespread species of Echinacea (Asteraceae). American Journal of Botany, 81, 958-964.
Bennington, C. C., & McGraw, J. B. (1995). Natural selection and ecotypic differentiation in Impatiens pallida. Ecological Monographs, 65, 303–323.
Bennington, C. C., Fetcher, N., Vavrel, M., Shaver, G. R., Cummings, K. J., & McGraw, J. B. (2012). Home site advantage in two long-lived arctic plant species: results from two 30-year reciprocal transplant studies. Journal of Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2012.01984.x
Black-Samuelsson, S., & Andersson, S. (1997). Reaction norm variation between and within populations of two rare plant species, Vicia pisiformis and V. dumetorum (Fabaceae). Heredity, 79, 268–276. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6882120
Bradshaw, A. D., & Hardwick, K. (1989). Evolution and stress-genotypic and phenotypic components. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 37, 137–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1989.tb02099.x
Castro Sáez, B. (2011). Aportes de Niklas Luhmann a la teoría de la complejidad. Polis, (29). http://journals.openedition.org/polis/2017
Chapin, F. S. (1991). Integrated responses of plants to stress. Bioscience, 41, 29–36. https://doi.org/10.2307/1311538
Chapin, F. S., & Chapin, M. C. (1981). Ecotypic differentiation of growth processes in Carex aquatilis along latitudinal and local gradients. Ecology, 62, 1000–1009.
Cipollini, D. F., & Schultz, J. C. (1999). Exploring cost constraints on stem elongation in plants using phenotypic manipulation. American Naturalist, 153, 236–242. https://doi.org/10.1086/303164
Cordell, S., Goldstein, G., Mueller-Dombois, D., Webb, D., & Vitousek, P. M. (1998). Physiological and morphological variation in Metrosideros polymorpha, a dominant Hawaiian tree species, along an altitudinal gradient: The role of phenotypic plasticity. Oecologia, 113, 188–196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050367
Crawley, M. J. (1997). Life history and environment. En M. J. Crawley (Ed.), Plant ecology (pp. 73–131). Blackwell.
De Jong, G. (1995). Phenotypic plasticity as a product of selection in a variable environment. American Naturalist, 145, 493–512.
Dieguez, A. (2003). ¿Qué es la Epistemología Evolucionista? Teleskop. Ciencia en perspectiva filosófica. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228648400_Que_es_la_Epistemologia_Evolucionista
Dudley, S. A., & Schmitt, J. (1996). Testing the adaptive plasticity hypothesis: Density-dependent selection on manipulated stem length in Impatiens capensis. American Naturalist, 147, 445–465. https://doi.org/10.1086/285863
Futuyma, D. J., & Moreno, G. (1988). The evolution of ecological specialization. Annual Review of Ecology & Systematics, 19, 207-233.
Galen, C., Shore, J. S., & Deyoe, H. (1991). Ecotypic divergence in alpine Polemonium viscosum: Genetic structure, quantitative variation, and local adaptation. Evolution, 45, 1218–1228.
Gavrilets, S., & Scheiner, S. M. (1993). The genetics of phenotypic plasticity. V. Evolution of reaction norm shape. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 6, 31–48.
Gianoli, E. (2001). Lack of differential plasticity to shading of internodes and petioles with growth habit in Convolvulus arvensis (Convolvulaceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences, 162, 1247–1252.
Gianoli, E. (2003). Phenotypic responses of the twining vine Ipomoea purpurea (Convolvulaceae) to physical support availability in sun and shade. Plant Ecology, 165, 21–26.
Gianoli, E. (2004a). Plasticidad Fenotípica Adaptativa en Plantas. En Fisiología Ecología en Plantas (pp. 13–25). Universidad de Concepción. http://www2.udec.cl/~egianoli/04gianolifisioeco.pdf
Gianoli, E. (2004b). Evolution of a climbing habit promotes diversification in flowering plants. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2004.2827
Gomulkiewicz, R., & Kirkpatrick, M. (1992). Quantitative genetics and the evolution of reaction norms. Evolution, 46, 390–411.
Grace, J. (1997). Plant water relations. En M. J. Crawley (Ed.), Plant ecology. Blackwell.
Hutchings, M. J., & De Kroon, H. (1994). Foraging in plants: The role of morphological plasticity in resource acquisition. Advances in Ecological Research, 25, 159–238.
Jaune, L. A. (2013). Contenido y conocimiento animal en la epistemología naturalizada de Fred Dretske (Tesis de pregrado, Universidad de las Islas Baleares).
Larcher, J., Wagner, G., Neuner, M., Méndez, M., Jiménez, M. S., & Morales, D. (1991). Thermal limits of photosynthetic function and viability of leaves of Persea indica and Persea americana. Acta Oecologica, 12, 529–541.
Li, B., Suzuki, J., & Hara, T. (1998). Latitudinal variation in plant size and relative growth rate in Arabidopsis thaliana. Oecologia, 115, 293–301.
Linhart, Y. B., & Grant, M. C. (1996). Significance of local genetic differentiation in plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 27(1), 237–277. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.237
Luhmann, N. (1998). Complejidad y modernidad: De la unidad a la diferencia. Editorial Trotta.
MacDonald, S. E., & Chinnappa, C. C. (1989). Population differentiation for phenotypic plasticity in the Stellaria longipes complex. American Journal of Botany, 76, 1627–1637.
Marcelo, G. F. (2014). Biologia del comportamiento- 090- desarrollo individual. análisis de la ontogenia del comportamiento. Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Buenos Aires.
Masis, I. K. (2023). La Epistemología evolucionista y el conocimiento según Platón. Escuela de Filosofía, Universidad de Costa Rica.
Nilsson, T. (1995). Phenotypic plasticity in Saxifraga osloensis: Comparisons among populations. Acta Botanica Neerlandica, 44, 453–467.
Novak, S. J., Mack, R. N., & Soltis, D. E. (1991). Genetic variation in Bromus tectorum (Poaceae): Population differentiation in its North American range. American Journal of Botany, 78, 1150–1161.
Peres, D. G. (1993). Historia y Epistemología de las Ciencias. Contribucion de la historia y de la filosofía de las ciencias al desarrollo de un modelo de enseñanza-aprendizaje como investigación. Universidad de Valencia.
Pigliucci, M. (1996). How organisms respond to environmental changes: From phenotypes to molecules (and vice versa). Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 11, 168–173.
Pigliucci, M., Whitton, J., & Schlichting, C. D. (1995). Reaction norms of Arabidopsis. I. Plasticity of characters and correlations across water, nutrient and light gradients. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 8, 421–438.
Ravanal, M. E., Quintanilla, G. M., & Labarrere, S. A. (s.f.). Concepciones epistemológicas del profesorado de biología en ejercicio sobre la enseñanza de la biología. Universidad Central Santa Isabel.
Sala, A., & Nowak, R. S. (1997). Ecophysiological responses of three riparian graminoids to changes in the soil water table. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 158, 835–843.
Scheiner, S. M. (1993). Genetics and evolution of phenotypic plasticity. Annual Review of Ecology & Systematics, 24, 35–68.
Scheiner, S. M. (1998). The genetics of phenotypic plasticity. VII. Evolution in a spatially-structured environment. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 11, 303–320.
Scheiner, S. M., & Callahan, H. S. (1999). Measuring natural selection on phenotypic plasticity. Evolution, 53, 1704–1713.
Scheiner, S. M., & Lyman, R. F. (1991). The genetics of phenotypic plasticity. II. Response to selection. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 4, 23–50.
Scheiner, S. M., & Yampolsky, L. Y. (1998). The evolution of Daphnia pulex in a temporally varying environment. Genetical Research, 72, 25–37.
Schlichting, C. D., & Pigliucci, M. (1995). Lost in phenotypic space: Environment-dependent morphology in Phlox drummondii (Polemoniaceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences, 156, 542–546.
Schlichting, C. D., & Pigliucci, M. (1998). Phenotypic evolution: A reaction norm perspective. Sinauer Associates.
Schmalhausen, I. I. (1949). Factors of evolution: The theory of stabilizing selection. Blakiston.
Schmitt, J., Dudley, S. A., & Pigliucci, M. (1999). Manipulative approaches to testing adaptive plasticity: Phytocrome-mediated shade-avoidance responses in plants. American Naturalist, 154, S43–S54.
Schmitt, J., McCormac, A. C., & Smith, H. (1995). A test of the adaptive plasticity hypothesis using transgenic and mutant plants disabled in phytochrome-mediated elongation responses to neighbors. American Naturalist, 146, 937–953.
Schweitzer, J. A., & Larson, K. C. (1999). Greater morphological plasticity of exotic honeysuckle species may make them better invaders than native species. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society, 126, 15–23.
Sultan, S. E. (1995). Phenotypic plasticity and plant adaptation. Acta Botanica Neerlandica, 44, 363–383.
Sultan, S. E. (2001). Phenotypic plasticity for fitness components in Polygonum species of contrasting ecological breadth. Ecology, 82, 328–343.
Sultan, S. E., & Bazzaz, F. A. (1993a). Phenotypic plasticity in Polygonum persicaria. I. Diversity and uniformity in genotypic norms of reaction to light. Evolution, 47, 1009–1031.
Sultan, S. E., & Bazzaz, F. A. (1993c). Phenotypic plasticity in Polygonum persicaria. III. The evolution of ecological breadth for nutrient environment. Evolution, 47, 1050–1071.
Thompson, J. D. (1991). Phenotypic plasticity as a component of evolutionary change. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 6, 246–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(91)90070-E
Tucic, B., Tomi, V., Avramov, S., & Pemac, D. (1998). Testing the adaptive plasticity of Iris pumila leaf traits to natural light conditions using phenotypic selection analysis. Acta Oecologica, 19, 473–481.
Tufto, J. (2000). The evolution of plasticity and nonplastic spatial and temporal adaptations in the presence of imperfect environmental cues. American Naturalist, 156, 121–130. https://doi.org/10.1086/303381
Van Tienderen, P. H. (1991). Evolution of generalists and specialists in spatially heterogeneous environments. Evolution, 45, 1317–1331.
Van Tienderen, P. H. (1997). Generalists, specialists, and the evolution of phenotypic plasticity in sympatric populations of distinct species. Evolution, 51, 1372–1380.
Via, S., Gomulkiewicz, R., De Jong, G., Scheiner, S. M., Schlichting, C. D., & Van Tienderen, P. H. (1995). Adaptive phenotypic plasticity: Consensus and controversy. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 10, 212–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(00)89061-8
Weber, E., & Schmid, B. (1998). Latitudinal population differentiation in two species of Solidago (Asteraceae) introduced into Europe. American Journal of Botany, 85, 1110–1121.
Recibido:
2026-03-28
Publicado:
2026-03-28
Cómo citar
Baca Rosado, B. (2026). PROCESOS DE GÉNESIS Y ONTOGENIA EN LA COMPLEJIDAD DE UN ECOSISTEMA FORESTAL. Revista Iberoamericana De Complejidad Y Ciencias Económicas, 4(1), 113-146. https://doi.org/10.48168/ricce.v4n1p113
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